SAINT DOMINIC GUZMÁN
General Audience of Pope Benedict XVI
3 February 2010
Dear Brothers and Sisters,
Last week, I presented the luminous figure of Francis of Assisi; today, I want to talk about another Saint of the same period who made a fundamental contribution to the renewal of the Church of his time: St Dominic, the Founder of the Order of Preachers, also known as Dominican Friars.
His
successor at the head of the Order, Bl. Jordan of Saxony, gives a complete
picture of St Dominic in the text of a famous prayer: "Your strong love
burned with heavenly fire and God-like zeal. With all the fervour of an
impetuous heart and with an avowal of perfect poverty, you spent your whole
self in the cause of the Apostolic life" and in preaching the Gospel. It
is precisely this fundamental trait of Dominic's witness that is emphasized: he
always spoke with God and of God.
Love for the Lord and for neighbour, the search for God's glory and the
salvation of souls in the lives of Saints always go hand in hand.
Dominic
was born at Caleruega, Spain, in about 1170. He belonged to a noble family of
Old Castile and, supported by a priest uncle, was educated at a famous school
in Palencia. He distinguished himself straight away for his interest in the
study of Sacred Scripture and for his love of the poor, to the point of selling
books, that in his time were a very valuable asset, in order to support famine
victims with the proceeds.
Ordained
a priest, he was elected canon of the Cathedral Chapter in Osma, his native
diocese. Although he may well have thought that this appointment might bring
him a certain amount of prestige in the Church and in society, he did not view
it as a personal privilege or as the beginning of a brilliant ecclesiastical
career but, rather, as a service to carry out with dedication and humility. Are
not a career and power temptations from which not even those who have a role of
guidance and governance in the Church are exempt? I recalled this a few months
ago during the consecration of several Bishops: "We do not seek power,
prestige or esteem for ourselves.... We know how in civil society and often
also in the Church things suffer because many people on whom responsibility has
been conferred work for themselves rather than for the community" (16 September 2009).
The
Bishop of Osma, a true and zealous Pastor whose name was Didacus, soon spotted
Dominic's spiritual qualities and wanted to avail himself of his collaboration.
Together they went to Northern Europe, on the diplomatic missions entrusted to
them by the King of Castile. On his travels Dominic became aware of two
enormous challenges for the Church of his time: the existence of people who
were not yet evangelized on the northern boundaries of the European continent,
and the religious schism that undermined Christian life in the South of France
where the activity of certain heretical groups was creating a disturbance and
distancing people from the truth of the faith. So it was that missionary action
for those who did not know the light of the Gospel and the work of the
re-evangelization of Christian communities became the apostolic goals that
Dominic resolved to pursue.
It was the Pope, to whom the Bishop Didacus and Dominic went to seek advice, who asked Dominic to devote himself to preaching to the Albigensians, a heretical group which upheld a dualistic conception of reality, that is, with two equally powerful creator principles, Good and Evil. This group consequently despised matter as coming from the principle of evil. They even refused marriage, and went to the point of denying the Incarnation of Christ and the sacraments in which the Lord "touches" us through matter, and the resurrection of bodies. The Albigensians esteemed the poor and austere life in this regard they were even exemplary and criticized the riches of the clergy of that time. Dominic enthusiastically accepted this mission and carried it out with the example of his own poor and austere existence, Gospel preaching and public discussions. He devoted the rest of his life to this mission of preaching the Good News. His sons were also to make St Dominic's other dreams come true: the mission ad gentes, that is, to those who do not yet know Jesus and the mission to those who lived in the cities, especially the university cities where the new intellectual trends were a challenge to the faith of the cultured.
It was the Pope, to whom the Bishop Didacus and Dominic went to seek advice, who asked Dominic to devote himself to preaching to the Albigensians, a heretical group which upheld a dualistic conception of reality, that is, with two equally powerful creator principles, Good and Evil. This group consequently despised matter as coming from the principle of evil. They even refused marriage, and went to the point of denying the Incarnation of Christ and the sacraments in which the Lord "touches" us through matter, and the resurrection of bodies. The Albigensians esteemed the poor and austere life in this regard they were even exemplary and criticized the riches of the clergy of that time. Dominic enthusiastically accepted this mission and carried it out with the example of his own poor and austere existence, Gospel preaching and public discussions. He devoted the rest of his life to this mission of preaching the Good News. His sons were also to make St Dominic's other dreams come true: the mission ad gentes, that is, to those who do not yet know Jesus and the mission to those who lived in the cities, especially the university cities where the new intellectual trends were a challenge to the faith of the cultured.
This
great Saint reminds us that in the heart of the Church a missionary fire must
always burn. It must be a constant incentive to make the first proclamation of
the Gospel and, wherever necessary, a new evangelization. Christ, in fact, is
the most precious good that the men and women of every time and every place
have the right to know and love! And it is comforting to see that in the Church
today too there are many pastors and lay faithful alike, members of ancient
religious orders and new ecclesial movements who spend their lives joyfully for
this supreme ideal, proclaiming and witnessing to the Gospel!
Many
other men then joined Dominic de Guzmán, attracted by the same aspiration. In
this manner, after the first foundation in Toulouse, the Order of Preachers
gradually came into being. Dominic in fact, in perfect obedience to the
directives of the Popes of his time, Innocent iii, and Honorius iii, used the
ancient Rule of St Augustine, adapting it to the needs of apostolic life that
led him and his companions to preach as they travelled from one place to
another but then returning to their own convents and places of study, to prayer
and community life. Dominic wanted to give special importance to two values he
deemed indispensable for the success of the evangelizing mission: community
life in poverty and study.
First
of all Dominic and the Friars Preachers presented themselves as mendicants,
that is, without vast estates to be administered. This element made them more
available for study and itinerant preaching and constituted a practical witness
for the people. The internal government of the Dominican convents and provinces
was structured on the system of chapters which elected their own superiors, who
were subsequently confirmed by the major superiors; thus it was an organization
that stimulated fraternal life and the responsibility of all the members of the
community, demanding strong personal convictions. The choice of this system was
born precisely from the fact that as preachers of the truth of God, the
Dominicans had to be consistent with what they proclaimed. The truth studied
and shared in charity with the brethren is the deepest foundation of joy.
Blessed Jordan of Saxony said of St Dominic: "All men were swept into the
embrace of his charity, and, in loving all, he was beloved by all.... He
claimed it his right to rejoice with the joyful and to weep with the
sorrowful" (Libellus de principiis Ordinis Praedicatorum autore Iordano de
Saxonia, ed. H.C. Scheeben [Monumenta Historica
Sancti Patris Nostri Dominici, Romae, 1935].
Secondly,
with a courageous gesture, Dominic wanted his followers to acquire a sound
theological training and did not hesitate to send them to the universities of
the time, even though a fair number of clerics viewed these cultural
institutions with diffidence. The Constitutions of the Order of Preachers give
great importance to study as a preparation for the apostolate. Dominic wanted
his Friars to devote themselves to it without reserve, with diligence and with
piety; a study based on the soul of all theological knowledge, that is, on
Sacred Scripture, and respectful of the questions asked by reason. The
development of culture requires those who carry out the ministry of the Word at
various levels to be well trained. I therefore urge all those, pastors and lay
people alike, to cultivate this "cultural dimension" of faith, so
that the beauty of the Christian truth may be better understood and faith may
be truly nourished, reinforced and also defended. In this Year for Priests, I
ask seminarians and priests to esteem the spiritual value of study. The quality
of the priestly ministry also depends on the generosity with which one applies
oneself to the study of the revealed truths.
Dominic,
who wished to found a religious Order of theologian-preachers, reminds us that
theology has a spiritual and pastoral dimension that enriches the soul and
life. Priests, the consecrated and also all the faithful may find profound
"inner joy" in contemplating the beauty of the truth that comes from
God, a truth that is ever timely and ever alive. Moreover the motto of the
Friars Preachers contemplata aliis tradere helps
us to discover a pastoral yearning in the contemplative study of this truth
because of the need to communicate to others the fruit of one's own
contemplation.
When
Dominic died in 1221 in Bologna, the city that declared him its Patron, his
work had already had widespread success. The Order of Preachers, with the Holy
See's support, had spread to many countries in Europe for the benefit of the
whole Church. Dominic was canonized in 1234 and it is he himself who, with his
holiness, points out to us two indispensable means for making apostolic action
effective. In the very first place is Marian devotion which he fostered
tenderly and left as a precious legacy to his spiritual sons who, in the
history of the Church, have had the great merit of disseminating the prayer of
the Holy Rosary, so dear to the Christian people and so rich in Gospel values:
a true school of faith and piety. In the second place, Dominic, who cared for
several women's monasteries in France and in Rome, believed unquestioningly in
the value of prayers of intercession for the success of the apostolic work.
Only in Heaven will we understand how much the prayer of cloistered religious
effectively accompanies apostolic action! To each and every one of them I
address my grateful and affectionate thoughts.
Dear
brothers and sisters, may the life of Dominic de Guzmán spur us all to be
fervent in prayer, courageous in living out our faith and deeply in love with
Jesus Christ. Through his intercession, let us ask God always to enrich the
Church with authentic preachers of the Gospel.
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